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You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. She gave me a friendly smile. Her singing was lovely. There are no adverbs friendlyl friendlily, lovelyllovelily etc. She smiled in a friendly way. N o T She smiled friendly.
He gave a silly laugh. No T He laughed silly. It comes out daily. It's a daily paper. In other cases, the adverb may have two forms e. There is usually a difference of meaning or use. Some examples follow; for more detailed information, check in a good dictionary. Sorry I didn't turn up I clean forgot. The explosion blew the cooker clean through the wall.
The adverb for this meaning is fatally. Compare: Cyanide is a deadly poison. She was fatally injured in the crash. The plane goes direct from London to Houston without stopping.
Take it easy! Go easy! Easier said than done. Easy come, easy go. That suits me fine. You're doing fine. The adverb finely is used to talk about small careful adjustments and similar ideas.
In most other cases, the adverb is flatly. Compare: You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You can speak freely — I won't tell anyone what you say. Don't work too hard. Hit it hard. Hardly means 'almost not'. I've hardly got any clean clothes left. For the use of hardly.. Compare: — He can jump really high. Throw it as high as you can.
I can highly recommend it. There is also an adjective just, meaning 'in accordance with justice or the law'; the adverb is justly. He was justly punished for his crimes. Compare: I haven't been to the theatre much lately. I hate arriving late. Don't talk so loud — you'll wake the whole street. Which part of the concert did you like most? This is the most extraordinary day of my life. In a formal style, most can be used to mean 'very' see You're a most unusual person.
Mostly means 'mainly', 'most often' or 'in most cases'. My friends are mostly non-smokers. Prettily means 'in a pretty way'. Compare: I'm getting pretty fed up. Isn't your little girl dressed prettily? I'll get back as quick as I can. That was real nice. He cooks real well. She arrived right after breakfast. The snowball hit me right on the nose. Turn the gas right down. GB Right and rightly can both be used to mean 'correctly'. Right is only used after verbs, and is usually informal.
Compare: I rightly assumed that Henry was not coming. You guessed right. It serves you right. Can you be there at six o'clock sharp? In other senses the adverb is sharply. She looked at him sharply.
I thought you spoke to her rather sharply. Shortly means 'soon'; it can also describe an impatient way of speaking. Slow is used as an adverb in road signs e. Examples: go slow, drive slow. In other cases, soundly is used e. She's sleeping soundly. A straight road goes straight from one place to another. Surely you're not going out in that old coat?
Typical expressions: hold tight, packed tight compare tightly packed. Well is also an adjective meaning 'in good health' the opposite of ill. Compare: The door was wide open. She's travelled widely. They have widely differing opinions. Note also the expression wide awake the opposite of fast asleep.
Compare: I wrongly believed that you wanted to help me. You guessed wrong. Can you drive a bit slower? Let's see who can do it quickest.
Drive friendly. He looked at me real strange. Here are some general rules; for more details, see Note: in the following explanations, the word adverb is generally used both for one-word adverbs e. N 0 T I get often headaches. N o T She speaks well English. But an adverb particle see 19, can go between a verb and a noun object. My brother completely forgot my birthday.
I have never understood her. Many adverbs can go in all three of these positions, and some others can go in both mid- and end position. Longer adverb phrases cannot usually go in mid-position. Compare: He quickly got dressed. He got dressed quickly. Quickly can go in mid- or end position. He got dressed in a hurry. In a hurry cannot go in mid-position. However, a few very common short adverb phrases like at once can go in mid-position; and adverbs of degree like very, quite can be added to midposition adverbs.
She at once realised her mistake. I very much enjoy skiing. We were quite often invited to parties at the weekends. Time adverbs can also go here see However, not everybody agreed. Under no circumstances are children allowed in the bar. She's done everything- she's even been a soldier. She brushed her hair slowly. Examples: however, then, next, besides, anyway Position: beginning of clause Some of us want a new system; however, not everybody agrees.
I worked until five o'clock. Then I went home. Next, I want to say something about the future. Mid-position is often possible in a more formal style.
I then went home. Examples: always, ever, usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never.
You can always come and stay with us if you want to. Have you ever played American football? I'm seldom late for wqi-k. It sometimes gets very windy here. When there are two auxiliary verbs, these adverbs usually come after the first. We have never been invited to one of their parties. She must sometimes have wanted to run away. Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes and occasionally can also go at the beginning or end of a clause. Always, ever, rarely, seldom and never cannot normally go in these positions.
Sometimes I think I'd like to live somewhere else. Usually I get up early. Igo there occasionally. Igo there quite often. However, always and never can begin imperative clauses. Always look in the mirror before starting to drive. Never ask her about her marriage. For adverbs of definite frequency e. For inversion after rarely, seldom and never, see Examples: also see , just see , even see , only see , mainly, mostly, either see , or, neither see , nor see Position: mid-position see paragraph 10 for more details.
They can also go in other places in a clause, directly before the words they modify. We're only going for two days. The people at the meeting were mainly scientists.
She neither said thank-you nor looked at me. I feel really tired. He always wears a coat, even in summer. Too and as well are focusing adverbs that usually go in end position see Either goes in end position after not see Examples: certainly, definitely, clearly, obviously, probably.
The train has obviously been delayed. She is definitely older than him. I certainly feel better today. Maybe and perhaps usually come at the beginning of a clause.
Perhaps her train is late. Maybe I'm right and maybe I'm wrong. Examples: completely, practically, almost, nearly, quite, rather, partly, sort of kind of more or less, hardly, scarcely. Sally can practically read. The house is partly ready. It hardly matters. Examples: angrily, happily, fast, slowly, suddenly, well, badly, nicely, noisily, quietly, hard, softly.
Position: most often at the end of a clause, especially if the adverb is important to the meaning of the verb and cannot be left out see paragraph Adverbs in -ly can go in mid-position if the adverb is not the main focus of the message for details of the exact position, see paragraph He drove off angrily. She read the letter slowly.
I slowly began to feel better again. Mid-position is especially common with passive verbs. Her books are always well written. Comment adverbs which give the speaker's opinion of an action most often go in mid-position. I stupidly forgot my keys. For more information about adverbs of manner, see Examples: upstairs, around, here, to bed, in London, out of the window.
Position: at the end of a clause. Come and sit here. The children are playing upstairs. Don't throw orange peel out of the window. She's sitting at the end of the garden. Initial position is also possible, especially in literary writing and if the adverb is not the main focus of the message. At the end of the garden there was a very tall tree. The children are running around upstairs. Here and there often begin clauses.
N o T we re you r bus-comes, There's Alice. There goes our train! Pronoun subjects come directly after here and there. Here it comes. NOT Here comes it. There she is. N O T There is she. Examples: today, afterwards, in June, last year, finally, before, eventually, already, soon, still, last, daily, weekly, every year. Position: mostly in end position; initial position is also common if the adverb is not the main focus of the message.
Some can go in mid-position see below. Adverbs of indefinite frequency often, ever etc go in mid-position see paragraph 2. I'm going to London today. I Today I'm going to London. She has a new hair style every week. Finally, eventually, already, soon and last can also go in mid-position; still and just only go in mid-position.
So you finally got here. When did you last see your father? I've already paid the bill. I still love you. She's just gone out. We'll soon be home. Examples: very, extremely, terribly, just, almost, really, right. I'll see you in the pub just before eight o'clock. She walked right past me. We all thought she sang very well. She has never written to me. It certainly looks like rain. The discussion was mainly about money.
When there are two or more auxiliaries, the adverb usually goes after the first. You have definitely been working too hard. She would never have been promoted if she hadn't changed jobs. But other positions are possible, especially when the first part of the verb phrase is a modal auxiliary see , used to or have to. They sometimes must be bored. She could have easily been killed. We always used to go to the seaside in May. I will have completely finished by next June.
Do you think the repair has been properly done? When I saw her, she was being well looked after. This time next week I'll be happily working in my garden. When an auxiliary verb is used alone instead of a complete verb phrase see , a mid-position adverb comes before it.
Are you happy? I never have, and I never will. Compare: I certainly do not agree. I do not often have headaches. Both positions are possible with some adverbs, often with a difference of meaning. Compare: I don't really like her. I probably will not be there.
He probably does not know. Only one position is possible before a contracted negative. I probably won't be there. Compare: - She has certainly made him angry. She certainly HAS made him angry! I really AM sorry. Compare: He probably has arrived by now. US normal, GB emphatic He has probably arrived by now. GB normal As an extreme example, here are four sentences in a journalistic style taken from an American newspaper article on crime in Britain.
The most normal British equivalents are given in brackets. For example, a sentence with put, go or last may not make sense unless one says where something is put, where somebody goes or how long something lasts.
To say how well somebody does something, one is likely to need an adverb of manner. These 'essential complements' usually go in end position, and before other adverbs. Put the butter in the fridge at once. NOT -fridge Let's go to bed early. His speech lasted about three hours. Except for essential complements, adverbs in end position usually come in the order manner, place, time. I worked hard yesterday. She sang beautifully in the town hall last night. It means 'cause a change in' or 'influence'.
The cold weather affected everybody's work. Effect is usually a noun meaning 'result' or 'change'. The expression have an effect on is similar to affect. Compare: The war seriously affected petrol prices. The war had a serious effect on petrol prices. In a formal style, effect can also be used as a verb, meaning 'carry out', 'cause to happen'. We did not effect much improvement in sales last year. For more information about these words, see a good dictionary.
Don't be afraid. She's afraid that I might find out. It is used to introduce apologetic refusals and bad news.
I'm afraid that I can't help you. I'm afraid that there's been an accident. Compare: John's afraid. John's a frightened man. NOT an-afraid-man, We often use very much instead of very before afraid, especially when I'm afraid means 'I'm sorry to tell you'. I'm very much afraid he's out. For information about -ing forms and infinitives after afraid, see We had oysters for supper.
Shortly after, I began to feel ill. They started the job on I7 June and finished a week after. Instead, we use other expressions like afterwards, then or after that. I'm going to do my exams, and afterwards I'm going to study medicine. For after conjunction , see For after and according to, see 8.
After and its clause can come either after or before the other clause. I went to America after I left school. After I left school, I went to America. In both cases the speaker left school first and then went to America. Note the comma in the second structure.
He did military service after he went to university. He went to university first. After he did military service, he went to university. He did military service first.
I'll telephone you after I arrive. I'll telephone you after I've seen Jake. After I had finished school, I went to America. After completing this form, give it to the secretary.
More natural than After having completed. For after adverb , see Position: usually at the end of a clause. I'm sorry. I can't come after all. I expected to fail the exam, but I passed after all. Another meaning is 'we mustn't forget that Position: at the beginning or end of a clause. I think we should let Sylvia go camping with her boyfriend. After all, she's a big girl now. Of course you're tired. After all, you were up all night. Let's finish the cake. Somebody's got to eat it, after all.
After the theatre we had supper and went to a night club; then we finally went home. But note that Good evening usually has the sense of 'Hello' and Good night of 'Goodbye' is not used to greet people. Terrible weather, isn't it? B: Yes, dreadful. A: Hasn't stopped raining for weeks. Well, I must be going. Good night. B: Good night. He is thirty. We ask How old are you?
When I was your age I was working. NOT The two boys are the same age. She's the same age as me. He could read at the age of three. No T age-. She phoned a few minutes ago. NOT -She-has-phoned. We've been living here since about eight years ago. I haven't bought any since a week ago. Compare: He died three years ago. Before is used in the same way with a past perfect tense to count back from a past moment see also Compare: I met that woman in Scotland three years ago.
Have you been here before? For other uses of before, see Compare: The two boys are alike in looks, but not in personality. He's like his brother. N o T He's alike his brother. Alike is mainly used in predicative position see Compare: His two daughters are very much alike.
He's got two very similar-looking daughters. Compare: I'll take all three shirts, please. I'll take both shirts. NOT page 31 all 2 : subject, object or complement 34 2 subject, object or complement All can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence. All that matters is to be happy. I gave her all she asked for. That's all. For more detailed rules, see Two positions are possible: with the noun or pronoun: All of the people were singing.
I haven't read all of it. Give my love to them all. You're all wet. I was all alone. I looked all round, but I couldn't see anything. Tell me all about your holiday. It's all because of you. For more examples, see a good dictionary. All, both and half follow similar grammar rules. For both, see ; for half see For all but, see 1. Compare: All the people stood up. Everybody stood up. Compare: - All that I have is yours. Everything is yours. N oT All is yours.
She lost everything. No T She lost all. This structure often has a rather negative meaning, expressing ideas like 'nothing more' or 'the only thing s '. This is all I've got. All I want is a place to sit down. All that happened was that he went to sleep.
Tell me all; All is lost; All are dead. This only happens regularly in modern English in dramatic contexts like newspaper headlines e. Before a noun with a determiner for example the, my, this , all and all of are both possible. American English usually has all of. She's eaten all of the cake. All of my friends like riding. Before a noun with no determiner, we do not normally use of. All children can be difficult. NOT All-ofehildren.
For more about of in noun phrases, see All of us can come tomorrow. NOT All-we She's invited all of you. Mary sent all of them her love. She's invited you all. Mary sent her love to them all. I've made us all something to eat. This does not happen with complement pronouns or in short answers. Is that all of them?
No T -Is-that-them-all? They all went home , but in this case it belongs grammatically with the verb see 36 and may be separated from the pronoun e. They have all gone home. For the American plural pronoun you all, see For the difference between all and every, see All Americans don't like hamburgers. Not all Americans like hamburgers.
Note the difference between not all and no. Compare: Not all birds can fly. No birds can play chess. The guests have all arrived. Those apples were all bad.
They all liked the soup. All of us can swim. All of the guests have arrived. There is little difference of meaning; every often suggests 'without exception'. The two words are used in different structures. To give the same meaning, all is used with a plural noun. NOT Altehild-needs-leve, Every light was out. All the lights were out. I've written to all my friends.
NOT I've written to every friend I have. NOT 3 all with uncountables We can use all, but not every, with uncountable nouns.
I like all music. All London was talking about her affairs. I've been round all the village looking for the cat. She was here all day. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, For the difference between all and whole, see For detailed rules for the use of all, see For the difference between every and each, see The word order is different. Julie spent all of the week at home. She's eaten a whole loaf N o T I've drunk all of the milk.
All of is also possible. NOT tale-Veniee. All is like every; whole means 'complete', 'entire'. Compare: All Indian tribes suffered from white settlement in America. Whole Indian tribes were killed off. Alright is common, but many people consider it incorrect. Permit is more formal. When there is no personal object, an -ing form is used. Passive structures are common; personal subjects and gerund -ing form subjects are both possible. The passive structure with it is only possible with permit.
It is not permitted to smoke in the kitchen. She wouldn't allow me in. Mary isn't allowed out at night. Compare: Please allow me to buy you a drink.
I wasn't allowed to pay for the drinks. N o T 4-wasn 't-let-. Let can be used with adverb particles; passives are possible. She wouldn't let me in. I've been let down. For more about let, see Nearly is less common in American English. Sometimes almost is a little 'nearer' than nearly. Compare: It's nearly ten o'clock. Very and pretty can be used with nearly but not almost.
We prefer almost for other ideas like 'similar to, but not exactly the same', and to make statements less definite. Jake is almost like a father to me. Our cat understands everything- he's almost human. My aunt's got a strange accent.
She almost sounds foreign. I almost wish I'd stayed at home. NOT 4-nearly-With. Instead, we use almost, or we use hardly with ever, anybody, anything etc see She's almost never I hardly ever at home. Almost nobody I hardly anybody was there. He eats almost anything. Lonely and informal US lonesome refers to unhappiness caused by being alone. Compare: I like to be alone for short periods. Alone can be emphasised by all. After her husband died, she was all alone. Alone is not used before a noun see Lone and solitary can be used instead; lone is rather literary.
I saw her running along the road. His office is along the corridor. To talk about periods or activities, we prefer through. Also usually goes with the verb, in 'mid-position' see As well is less common in American English. She not only sings; she also plays the piano. She not only sings; she plays the piano as well. She not only sings; she plays the piano too.
Consider the sentence We have meetings on Sundays as well. This can mean three different things: a Other people have meetings on Sundays, and we have meetings on Sundays as well.
Give me some bread as well, please. More natural than Also give me. I'm going home. It's a nice house, but it's very small. Also, it needs a lot of repairs. I, too, have experienced despair. For also, as well, too and either in negative clauses, see For also and even, see For as well as, see Also, as well and too are not normally used with not in this way.
Peter isn't here today. John isn't here either. I don't like you either. He smokes too much, but at least he doesn't also drink too much. That day, for the first time since her husband had died a year before, she was glad that she had not died as well.
You can have an apple, but you can't have an orange too. We spend alternate weekends at our country cottage. I'm alternately happy and depressed.
Alternative ly is similar to 'different', 'instead', 'on the other hand'. Janet's not free on the 27th. We'll have to find an alternative date for the meeting. You could go by air, or alternatively you could drive there.
In informal speech, though is more common. Al though the government refuses to admit it, its economic policy is in ruins. Al though I don't agree with him, I think he's honest. I'd quite like to go out, al though it is a bit late. We use even though to emphasise a contrast. Even although is not possible.
Even though I didn't understand a word, I kept smiling. Nice day. Bit cold, though. For the difference between even and even though, see For even though and even so, see For as though, see 74 For sentences like Cold though a was, I went out, see My new house isn't altogether finished. Altogether, she decided, marriage was a bit of a mistake. I'd like three dozen altogether. Come on, everybody sing.
All together now.. Put the plates all together in the sink. They all went to the cinema together. There are a few differences of grammar and spelling, and rather more differences of vocabulary and idiom.
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